In the UK, there are two main species (Avena fatua and Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana) which frequently occur as weeds of arable crops. Both species may occur within a single field, sometimes in mixture but sometimes in discrete, separate patches.
Even the most intractable and costly grass weed problems can be overcome with the right management, the necessary determination and sufficient time. Understanding, commitment and flexibility are the main keys to success.
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Because they produce fewer seeds per plant, wild oat infestations tend not to build-up as fast as those of other annual grassweeds. However, their highly competitive nature means that even small populations can be extremely damaging.
At the same time, the pre-emergence herbicides increasingly being relied upon for annual grass weed control in cereals tend to give limited control of wild oats because many plants may only emerge in the spring, especially after a cold winter.
Equally, all the most effective wild oat herbicides are either ACCase or ALS inhibitors that present a particularly high risk of metabolic resistance development.
WARNING: If late autumn and spring post-emergence graminicide use declines as a consequence of resistant Black-grass, Wild Oat populations could well become increasingly problematic.
In contrast to other annual grass weeds, fewer effective non-chemical means of controlling Wild Oats mean it is vital to make the most of the available herbicide options.
Autumn pre- and early post-em herbicides used to control other annual grass weeds can give useful control of winter and any autumn-emerging spring Wild Oats. But if spring wild oats are a significant element of the population then spring post-em treatment will be required.
Enhanced metabolic resistance is the commonest type and this can reduce the efficacy of most ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides. However, where target site resistance is identified in UK wild oats it currently only tends to affect ‘fops’. So ‘dims’ (cycloxydim) and ‘dens’ (pinoxaden) as well as mesosulfuron/iodosulfuron and pyroxsulam mixtures should be the preferred treatments.
WARNING: The ideal timing for Wild Oat herbicide control may well conflict with the best timing for controlling Black-grass, Italian Rye-grass and Bromes. Mixed populations may, therefore, require strategies involving both early autumn and spring post-emergence treatments.
Delaying post-cereal harvest cultivations for as long as possible will allow freshly-shed Wild Oat seeds on the soil surface to lose their viability through germination, predation and fungal attack; the longer the delay, the greater the benefit. Incorporating freshly shed seed can induce dormancy for up to six years.
Rotational ploughing is generally less effective at controlling wild oats than other annual grassweeds both because they can emerge from greater depths and as it is more likely to bring their longer-lived seeds back to the surface.
Also less effective, because of the weed’s protracted germination pattern, is delayed autumn sowing, although it may have some benefit in making wild oat seedlings more sensitive to frost.
WARNING: In mixed grassweed populations decisions on cultivation and drilling strategy and timing should be based on the most problematic species and the ease with which others can be controlled by alternative methods.
Non-cereal break crops provide excellent opportunities for Wild Oat control with a range of other herbicides, such as clethodim and propyzamide.
In their early growth stages Wild Oats are very susceptible to competition, so competitive crops like winter oilseed rape and winter beans can be very valuable in assisting other control measures.
Late-spring sown crops like peas and linseed can also help by allowing the greatest possible time for pre-planting Roundup Roundup control, while potatoes and sugar beet offer both this and useful in-crop chemical or mechanical control opportunities.
WARNING: The extent to which Wild Oat seeds can survive in the soil means that control in non-cereal break crops must be combined with effective chemical and cultural controls throughout the rotation.
It is essential that any Wild Oat plants emerging before drilling are effectively destroyed with Roundup. Sufficient time should, therefore, be allowed in the establishment programme for the greatest emergence.
This will be especially important when ploughing after several years of non-inversion tillage as it can result in substantial wild oat emergence from previously buried seed.
Later-sown spring crops provide particular opportunities to destroy Wild Oats before drilling, with the least possible soil disturbance at planting minimising weed emergence within the crop.
WARNING: While spring cropping – especially for two or more seasons – can be very effective in reducing populations of winter Wild Oats, it may encourage the spring germinating species.
Wild oats confined to distinct patches or parts of the field should be contained by hand-rogueing or patch-spraying with Roundup. This needs to be done in June before seeds start shedding.
Hand rogueing will be impractical in badly infested areas and, at 2-4 man hours/ha, may be time-consuming. But both it and patch spraying are likely to be justified by the extent to which they limit weed seed return and the yield impact of even relatively low wild oat populations.
This will be most important if herbicide resistance has been confirmed or is suspected in order to prevent the development and spread of resistant wild oat patches.
WARNING: When hand-rogueing, whole plants must be removed rather than merely seed heads to avoid regrowth and subsequent seed shedding. Even very green, unripe seeds are viable and should not be discarded in the field.
Non-cereal break crops provide excellent opportunities for Wild Oat control with a range of other herbicides, such as clethodim and propyzamide.
In their early growth stages Wild Oats are very susceptible to competition, so competitive crops like winter oilseed rape and winter beans can be very valuable in assisting other control measures.
Late-spring sown crops like peas and linseed can also help by allowing the greatest possible time for pre-planting Roundup Roundup control, while potatoes and sugar beet offer both this and useful in-crop chemical or mechanical control opportunities.
WARNING: The extent to which Wild Oat seeds can survive in the soil means that control in non-cereal break crops must be combined with effective chemical and cultural controls throughout the rotation.
It is essential that any Wild Oat plants emerging before drilling are effectively destroyed with Roundup. Sufficient time should, therefore, be allowed in the establishment programme for the greatest emergence.
This will be especially important when ploughing after several years of non-inversion tillage as it can result in substantial wild oat emergence from previously buried seed.
Later-sown spring crops provide particular opportunities to destroy Wild Oats before drilling, with the least possible soil disturbance at planting minimising weed emergence within the crop.
WARNING: While spring cropping – especially for two or more seasons – can be very effective in reducing populations of winter Wild Oats, it may encourage the spring germinating species.
Wild oats confined to distinct patches or parts of the field should be contained by hand-rogueing or p.tch-spraying with Roundup. This needs to be done in June before seeds start shedding.
Hand rogueing will be impractical in badly infested areas and, at 2-4 man hours/ha, may be time-consuming. But both it and patch spraying are likely to be justified by the extent to which they limit weed seed return and the yield impact of even relatively low wild oat populations.
This will be most important if herbicide resistance has been confirmed or is suspected in order to prevent the development and spread of resistant wild oat patches.
WARNING: When hand-rogueing, whole plants must be removed rather than merely seed heads to avoid regrowth and subsequent seed shedding. Even very green, unripe seeds are viable and should not be discarded in the field.
